OpiniSanitasi Makanan

Antioksidan Hambat Oksidasi

Antioksidan Hambat Oksidasi: DEWASA ini, penggunaan bahan tambahan makanan sangat beragam, dari pengawet sampai ke pemberi aroma dan pewarna. Masalah penggunaan bahan tambahan makanan dalam proses produksi pangan misalnya, perlu diwaspadai bersama, baik oleh produsen maupun oleh konsumen, mengingat penggunaannya dapat berakibat positif maupun negatif bagi masyarakat.

Oleh: Arda Dinata

In SANITARIANUntuk tujuan itu, perlu kiranya pengetahuan mengenai bahan tambahan makanan. Selain berupa pengetahuan teknis, juga diperlukan untuk mendapatkan manfaat yang optimal serta terjaminnya aspek keamanan produk yang dihasilkan. Bukankah setiap kita menginginkan makanan yang dikonsumsi itu harus benar-benar baik?

Menurut FAO, bahan tambahan makanan (BTM) atau food additives didefinisikan sebagai senyawa yang sengaja ditambahkan ke dalam makanan dan terlibat dalam proses pengolahan, pengemasan dan atau penyimpanan dan bukan merupakan bahan (ingredient) utama.

Sebenarnya ada banyak kelompok BTM yaitu selain antioksidan, ada juga anti kempal, pemanis buatan, bahan pengawet, pewarna dan pengemulsi. Keberadaan antioksidan sendiri adalah sebagai bahan tambahan yang digunakan untuk melindungi komponen-komponen makanan yang bersifat tidak jenuh (mempunyai ikatan rangkap), terutama lemak dan minyak. Meskipun demikian antioksidan dapat pula digunakan untuk melindungi komponen lain seperti vitamin dan pigmen, yang juga banyak mengandung ikatan rangkap di dalam strukturnya.

Mekanisme kerja antioksidan secara umum adalah menghambat oksidasi lemak. Untuk mempermudah pemahaman tentang mekanisme kerja antioksidan perlu dijelaskan lebih dahulu mekanisme oksidasi lemak.

Oksidasi lemak terdiri dari tiga tahap utama yaitu inisiasi, propagasi, dan terminasi. Pada tahap inisiasi terjadi pembentukan radikal asam lemak, yaitu suatu senyawa turunan asam lemak yang bersifat tidak stabil dan sangat reaktif akibat dari hilangnya satu atom hidrogen.

Pada tahap selanjutnya, yaitu propagasi, radikal asam lemak akan bereaksi dengan oksigen membentuk radikal peroksi. Radikal peroksi lebih lanjut akan menyerang asam lemak menghasilkan hidroperoksida dan radikal asam lemak baru.

Hidroperoksida yang terbentuk bersifat tidak stabil dan akan terdegradasi lebih lanjut menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa karbonil rantai pendek seperti aldehida dan keton yang bertanggungjawab atas flavor makanan berlemak. Tanpa adanya antioksidan, reaksi oksidasi lemak akan mengalami terminasi melalui reaksi antar radikal bebas membentuk kompleks bukan radikal.

Antioksidan yang baik akan bereaksi dengan radikal asam lemak segera setelah senyawa tersebut terbentuk. Dari berbagai antioksidan yang ada, mekanisme kerja serta kemampuannya sebagai antioksidan sangat bervariasi. Seringkali, kombinasi beberapa jenis antioksidan memberikan perlindungan yang lebih baik (sinergisme) terhadap oksidasi dibanding dengan satu jenis antioksidan saja. Sebagai contoh asam askorbat seringkali dicampur dengan antioksidan yang merupakan senyawa fenolik untuk mencegah reaksi oksidasi lemak.

Adanya ion logam, terutama besi dan tembaga, dapat mendorong terjadinya oksidasi lemak. Ion-ion logam ini seringkali diinaktivasi dengan penambahan senyawa pengkelat dapat juga disebut bersifat sinergistik dengan antioksidan karena menaikan efektivitas antioksidan utamanya.

Berdasarkan sumbernya antioksidan dapat digolongkan ke dalam dua jenis. Pertama, antioksidan yang bersifat alami, seperti komponen fenolik/flavonoid, vitamin E, vitamin C dan beta-karoten. Kedua, antioksidan sintetis seperti BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)propil galat (PG), TBHQ (di-t-butyl hydroquinone).

Arda Dinata

*Arda Dinata, adalah kolomnis tetap di Sanitarian Indonesia (https://insanitarian.com). Aktivitas hariannya sebagai peneliti, sanitarian, dan penanggungjawab Laboratorium Kesehatan Lingkungan, tinggal di Pangandaran.

7 komentar pada “Antioksidan Hambat Oksidasi

  • Vina Viskayuli Vrihat

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  • Makasih atas kunjungannya. Semoga bermanfaat dan sehat selalu. Aamiin.

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