Sanitasi Penyehatan Makanan Sebagai “Penghalau” Keracunan Makanan
Sanitasi Penyehatan Makanan Sebagai "Penghalau" Keracunan Makanan: AKHIR-AKHIR ini, kerap kali terjadi kasus keracunan makanan di tengah-tengah masyarakat kita, salah satunya adalah terjadinya keracunan karena setelah "meminum susu". Susu adalah suatu bahan makanan yang utama dan merupakan kumpulan dari bermacam-macam gizi makanan yang penting bagi tubuh. Itulah sebabnya, mengapa keberadaan susu ini bagi anak-anak sangat penting untuk pertumbuhan badan, sedangkan untuk orang dewasa susu berguna dalam membangun kesehatan tubuh yang lebih prima.
In SANITARIAN – Lebih jauh, susu ini tidak jarang digunakan sebagai makanan tambahan (extra voeding) bagi anak-anak sekolah dan karyawan-karyawan industri/pabrik. Hal ini dimaksudkan tidak lain untuk menambah daya tahan tubuh dan produktivitas kerja mereka agar tidak mudah diserang penyakit. Fungsi ini tentu tidak berlebihan, pasalnya di dalam susu itu mengandung zat-zat makanan yang berguna bagi tubuh manusia, seperti lemak, protein, laktose, garam mineral, dan vitamin.
Walaupun demikian, biarpun kandungan susu ini sangat bermanfaat bagi tubuh manusia, tapi bila dalam proses pengolahan, penyajian dan penyimpanannya tidak/kurang hati-hati justru akan berbahaya terhadap kesehatan manusia yang mengkonsumsinya (baca: bisa terjadi kasus keracunan). Hal ini didasarkan karena susu itu mudah sekali membusuk/ mengasam dan mudah sekali rusak (pecah).
Kondisi susu yang pecah tersebut, pada umumnya disebabkan karena memang susu itu sendiri telah lama, hingga timbul asam. Atau bisa juga karena susu itu kolestrum, yaitu susu yang keluar (diambil) dari sapi dalam kondisi seminggu setelah sapi beranak.
Terkait dengan itu, barangkali sebagai contoh aktual adalah baru-baru ini kita dikagetkan dengan terjadinya kasus keracunan terhadap ratusan siswa SD di Kota Bandung, setelah minum susu kemasan yang dibagikan gratis. Seperti diberitakan harian “PR” (12/8/04), sedikitnya 250 siswa sekolah dasar dari empat sekolah, yaitu SD Garuda 3, 4, 5 dan SD Dadali 1, mengalami keracunan setelah meminum susu kemasan. Menyinggung penyebab keracunan tersebut, menurut Penanggung Jawab Ruang Gawat Darurat RS Rajawali, dr. Dharma Gita, itu belum diketahui secara pasti. Namun diperkirakan, sejumlah susu yang diminum murid-murid di sana terkontaminasi kuman sehingga basi.
Menyikapi pernyataan tersebut, tentu kalau kita teliti lebih lanjut memang betul kalau susu ini memungkinkan sekali dapat dipakai sebagai media berkembangbiak (baca: terkontaminasi) berbagai kuman-kuman penyakit, terutama penyakit TBC (type boviasis), demam undulant, penyakit kuku dan mulut, diptheri, dan yang lainnya.
Selain itu, susu juga mudah sekali dipalsukan yang mengakibatkan pengurangan nilai-nilai gizi yang dikandungnya (nutritional value). Dan kadang-kadang bahan-bahan subsitusi yang digunakan pun dapat menimbulkan hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan (seperti keracunan dan sejenisnya).
Oleh karena itu, untuk menjaga dan menjamin agar susu yang dihasilkan itu dalam keadaan baik (baca: kualitasnya baik dan hygienis), maka mau tidak mau perlu diadakan pengawasan menyangkut aspek penyehatan (hygiene dan sanitasi) susunya. Hygiene susu ditujukan khusus kepada kualitas susunya sendiri dengan melakukan pemeriksaan-pemeriksaan laboratorium. Sedangkan usaha sanitasi susu ditujukan terhadap segala faktor-faktor lingkungan yang dapat memengaruhi kebersihan susu, diantaranya kebersihan perusahaan susu, kandang sapi, alat-alat yang digunakan, cara memerah susu, cara penyimpanan susu, cara pengangkutan susu, dan yang lainnya.
Secara singkat, dapat dikatakan bahwa seandainya perusahaan-perusahaan penghasil susu itu telah menerapkan sanitasi penyehatan makanan dengan baik, saya kira kemungkinan terjadinya kerusakan terhadap susu yang diolahnya, lebih-lebih terjadinya ‘keracunan’ tentu dapat kita hindari.
Penyehatan makanan
Sanitasi Penyehatan Makanan Sebagai “Penghalau” Keracunan Makanan. Untuk mencegah terjadinya kasus keracunan makanan, termasuk terjadinya “keracunan susu”, maka tidak ada jalan lain makanan dan minuman itu syaratnya harus ‘sehat’. Dalam arti, bahan bakunya baik, tenaga pengolahnya sehat dan peralatan yang digunakan bebas dari bibit penyakit, zat kimia berbahaya serta lingkungan yang bersih.
Kalau kita perhatikan, pada dasarnya keberadaan prinsip penyehatan makanan ini bertujuan menjaga agar makanan aman untuk dikonsumsi manusia. Dalam arti tidak menimbulkan penyakit atau gangguan kesehatan lainnya, seperti keracunan.
Dalam hal ini, setidaknya ada tiga faktor yang memengaruhi penyehatan makanan itu. Pertama, faktor sosial budaya masyarakat (baik konsumen maupun produsen makanan). Kondisi rendahnya tingkat pendidikan, pendapatan, dan didukung pula oleh rendahnya budaya masyarakat tentang penyehatan makanan, maka kemungkinan besar hal tersebut akan dapat membahayakan konsumen itu sendiri. Karena kebutuhan mereka masih merupakan dorongan untuk mengkonsumsi, walaupun sekarang masalah gengsi dan pola hidup konsumtif telah menjadi bahan pertimbangan. Kondisi seperti itu seringkali mendorong mereka untuk memilih bahan yang rendah mutunya, kadaluarsa, atau pun telah melewati persyaratan sanitasi makanan. Dalam benaknya, pokoknya yang penting dapat dikonsumsi dan sesuai kemampuan (daya belinya). Misalnya, makanan dalam kemasan yang telah cacat, telur telah retak atau pecah, dan yang lainnya.
Kedua, teknologi penanganan makanan. Hal ini, kadang-kadang menjadikan masalah bagi kita dalam menentukan aman tidaknya makanan itu untuk dikonsumsi. Dan akibat perkembangan teknologi ini, sehingga memungkinkan sekali untuk diproduksinya berbagai jenis makanan dalam kemasan. Jenis kemasan itu sendiri bisa berasal dari bahan kaleng, gelas, alumunium dan berbagai jenis plastik.
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